Any devices that are not connected to an electrical outlet are powered by self-contained batteries. There are many elements. Let's try to understand this diversity. In today's article, we will look at the main types of batteries.
Types of elements and their classification
They are distinguished by the materials from which the active components are made.
Any battery consists of:
- anode;
- cathode;
- electrolyte.
Now the industry produces more than five types of batteries:
- Saline.
- Alkaline.
- Mercury.
- Lithium.
- Silver.
You can also highlight batteries in the form of batteries.
Design and features of s alt products
This battery has replaced the zinc-manganese battery. In size, this autonomous power source has not changed in any way, but the production technologies have changed seriously. In a s alt battery, solutions based on ammonium chlorides are used as an electrolyte. In this solution are the anode and cathode of the battery. These functional elements producefrom materials such as zinc, as well as manganese oxide. The electrolyte is connected by a s alt bridge.
The main advantage that these types of batteries have is low prices. These are the most affordable sources of energy among all others that can be purchased. Serious disadvantages include a large loss in electrical capacitance during discharge. Also, the disadvantages of the product include a small shelf life. You can use the element without losing its characteristics for no more than two years. By the end of this period, the battery capacity is reduced to 40%. At low temperatures, the battery may lose its full capacity.
Alkaline elements
These types of batteries were developed in the 64th year. They are also called alkaline. What is their difference? A simple user can understand this by the time of operation. According to reviews, it is alkaline products that last much longer than others. And the cost is only 20-30 percent more. Electrodes for these elements are zinc. Manganese dioxide is also used in production. The electrolyte is a potassium hydroxide solution.
These elements are widespread. They are ideal for most electronic devices. Among the advantages is a high electrical capacity, when compared with their s alt counterpart, and as a result, a fairly long shelf life. An alkaline battery is able to work without loss of properties and characteristics even at low temperatures.
These models have improved tightness, which reduces the risk of leakageelectrolyte. As for the service life, such a battery can be stored for up to 5 years. The battery self-discharges at a much slower rate than the s alt equivalent. These types of AAA batteries are preferred for use in electronics.
The disadvantages include a decrease in the voltage level over time at times when the battery is actively discharging. With similar s alt products, the dimensions, weight and cost of this item are higher.
Mercury
This battery uses zinc as the anode material and cathodes are made from mercury oxides. Inside the element, two electrodes are separated from each other by a special diaphragm and a separator. The diaphragm is impregnated with special solutions of potassium hydroxides. Due to this design and composition, mercury batteries can be used as a battery. But in the process of cyclic use, the element will undergo degradation - the electrical capacity will decrease significantly.
The main advantages include stable voltage, capacity, independence from temperature conditions, long shelf life.
The disadvantages include high cost, risks of depressurization and leakage of hazardous mercury. You must also properly dispose of these batteries.
Silver elements
Zinc is used for the anode, cathodes are made of silver oxides. The electrolyte is sodium or potassium hydroxide. This class includes watch batteries.
Among the benefits are stable holidaysvoltage and high energy capacity. The battery is immune to temperature changes, and also has a long shelf life. The only negative is the high price.
Lithium battery
The product has a cathode inside, made of lithium. It is separated from the anode by means of a diaphragm and a separator. The diaphragm is impregnated with special organic electrolyte solutions. The advantages include constant voltages, the value of which does not depend on the load currents. The battery has a small mass, long shelf life, as well as immunity to temperature changes. The only downsides are high prices.
Batteries
Along with non-rechargeable batteries, rechargeable batteries are also produced. They have a serious advantage - they can be recharged many times. The types of rechargeable batteries are also different - there are lead, iron-nickel, nickel-cadmium products and lithium.
Battery sizes
All self-contained batteries can be distinguished from each other by size. One of the popular classification methods is the American system. This system is very convenient and is widely used in most countries. Let's look at the types of batteries by size.
According to the American system, the battery with the name "D" has the following dimensions - the height is 61.5 mm, the diameter is 34.2 mm. The voltage is 1.5 V. The "C" type cell is 50.0 mm high, 26.2 mm in diameter, the voltage is 1.5 V. The "AA" battery produces a voltage of 1.5 V, has 14.5mm in diameter, and its height is 50.5 mm. One of the most popular "AAA" or in the common people "little finger" - 44.5 mm in height, 10.5 mm in diameter, 1.5 V. "PP3" - 48.5 mm in height, 26.5 in diameter, voltage 9 V.
In everyday life, people do not use the classification, and the batteries are called differently. For example, model AA can be compared in size to a human finger. For this, the people call her finger. There are other types of finger batteries - AAA. The dimensions are comparable to the size of the little finger. A type "C" battery is popularly called a "inch". PP3 is nothing but a crown.
Coin-cell battery
It is a silver anode, a zinc cathode, an electrolyte in the form of a mixture of s alts in a paste consistency.
Different battery manufacturers often label these products, and the labels are far from standard. Consider what are the batteries-tablets. Their types can be distinguished by standard sizes. Sizes start at 5.8mm and end at 11.6mm. Height ranges from 2.1mm to 5.4mm.
These small silver colored batteries are used to power electronic or quartz watches. When you need to change the battery, people often wonder what kind of battery to buy. If the manufacturer has installed element 399 in the watch, then alternative options can be selected instead:
- LR57.
- LR57SW.
- LR927.
All these types of batteries are exactly the same in size. The number indicates that this battery with a height of 2.6 mm and a diameter of 9.5mm.
Marking
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) has developed a designation system that modern manufacturers are required to use to label batteries.
So, for example, there is an element with the designation 15 A LR6 AA 1.5 V. So, these types of batteries have a charge of 15 Ah. The class (in this case, “AA”) indicates that the battery is finger-type, capable of delivering a voltage of 1.5 V. And LR6 indicates that this cell is alkaline.
S alt elements are denoted by the symbol "R". Alkaline - "LR", silver - "SR", lithium - "CR". In addition, battery classes are sometimes indicated using numbers. 20 is D-class, C is 14, AA is 6, AAA is 03, PP3 is 6/22. They have their own designations and batteries-tablets. Species are identified by number.
Next, decipher all the characters from the example. The letters indicate that the element is of the alkaline type. The number indicates that the element is of class AA.
Conclusion
Thus, knowing the size of modern batteries, their designations and decoding, you can easily choose a suitable autonomous power source for any portable devices. But often the average person does not need to know such detailed information. It is enough to take into account the size when choosing. 90 percent of all batteries are AA or AAA. It's pretty hard to go wrong here.
