Electric lamp is an indispensable element in the electrification of any room. Today there are different types of lamps. Of these, any owner will select options that best complement the comfort in the house. Lamps may have different specifications. By choosing them correctly, you will also be able to save money on paying for electricity.
Despite the variety of types, they have the same parts: this is a threaded base and a cartridge. The relevant information is always contained on the lamps themselves.
Socles
For domestic needs, there are lamps with a small, medium and large base. These characteristics correspond to the sizes E14, E27 and E40. The number here means millimeter diameter. Size E27 is the most common. E40 is used on street lamps with a power of 300, 500 and 1000 watts.
In addition to sockets screwed into the cartridge, there are pin-type options. Their types: G5, G9, 2G10, 2G11, G23, R7s-7. Such plinths are needed to saveplaces. The electric lamp here is attached to the lamp with pins.
Power
This is one of the main characteristics. The manufacturer indicates it on the base or cylinder. The power of an electric lamp determines what kind of light flux will come from it. Light output and the level of emitted light are different concepts. After all, an energy-saving light bulb with a power of 5 W can shine no worse than a 60 W incandescent lamp. Unfortunately, the light output parameter is not fixed. Therefore, in this it remains to rely only on your own experience in using certain options, as well as on the advice of sellers.
Light output
The parameter means that for 1 watt the lamp produces the corresponding number of lumens. Comparing the performance of different types, you can see that an energy-saving fluorescent lamp will be four to nine times more economical than an incandescent lamp. If the latter at 60 watts will give approximately 600 lumens, then the energy-saving one will show the same results with parameters of 10-11 watts.
Electric incandescent lamp: characteristics, power, voltage
These types of light bulbs first appeared in homes in the nineteenth century. They have certainly changed a lot since then. However, the principle of operation remained the same.
They all consist of a glass container, inside of which there is a vacuum space, a base with contacts and fuses, as well as incandescent filaments that emit light. The spiral is made of tungsten alloys, which can easily withstand an operating temperature of +3200 degrees Celsius. Celsius. The electrical circuit of the lamps is as follows: when passing through a conductor with a small cross section and conductivity of electric current, part of the energy is transferred to heating the spiral part. So it starts to glow. To prevent the thread from burning out at the same moment, an inert gas is pumped into the lamps.
Despite such a simple arrangement of an electric lamp, many types of them have been invented, differing from each other in shape, size and materials used. In addition, lamps are made with different wattages. It varies from 40 to 250 W if it is intended for domestic lighting. For industrial needs, more powerful installations are being made.
A simple electric lamp circuit might look like this.
There are decorative lamps in the form of candles, the bulb of which has an elongated, not round shape, and is similar in shape to a candle. Usually they are used in small lamps. Glasses can be painted in different colors. Mirror lamps have a reflective coating on the glass to direct the light in a compact beam. Most often they are used for ceiling lighting to direct all the light down. An electric incandescent lamp has a low voltage. Those designed for local lighting have a voltage of only 12, 24, 36 V. They are used in case of accidents, in hand-held appliances, and so on. Together with low energy consumption, they provide very little illumination.
Electric lamps also differ in resistance, which varies with voltage and power, but not in a linear manner.
Such lamps have a number of disadvantages. First of all, they have a low efficiency - it does not exceed 2-3% of the energy consumption. The rest is given to heat generation. Secondly, they are unsafe in terms of fire risk. An ordinary newspaper can catch fire in twenty minutes after it is applied to a lamp with a power of 100 watts. The lamps are also not durable, as they only last between 500 and 1000 hours.
But they are very cheap and do not require any additional settings and connections. Therefore, despite the shortcomings, many consumers speak positively about these lamps and continue to use them.
Halogen bulbs
This view has the same principle of operation as in the previous case. The difference lies only in the composition of the gas inside the cylinder. Here, iodine or bromine is added to the inert gas. This increases the temperature of the filaments and reduces tungsten evaporation. Therefore, their service life is many times longer compared to incandescent lamps.
Since the temperature of the glass increases very quickly, they are made of quartz. This material does not tolerate any pollution.
Halogen lamps, in turn, are divided into different types. These are linear options used in stationary or portable spotlights, and mirror-coated lamps, which are often installed in plasterboard structures. Among the shortcomings they can distinguish sensitivity to differencesvoltage. Therefore, when applying, it is desirable to use an additional special transformer, where the current strength of the electric lamp will be equalized.
Often these lamps are installed for car headlights. And although car owners speak positively about them, they do not see much difference between economical options and expensive ones, with various coatings and other effects.
Daylight fluorescent lamps
If halogen lamps had a similar principle of operation with incandescent lamps, then this type is significantly different in its work. Here, under the influence of current in a glass bulb, not tungsten filaments burn, but mercury vapor. Since the light is emitted in the ultraviolet, it is virtually impossible to distinguish it. Ultraviolet forces the phosphor, a coating on the walls of the tubes, to emit light. We see him. The connection method in this case is also significantly different. There are pins on the tubes that you need to insert into the chuck and turn.
Daylight lamps operate at low temperatures, so they are easy to touch. Due to the large surface, it is possible to achieve even diffused light, good for the human eye. Lifespan ten times longer than incandescent bulbs.
But such lamps are not connected directly to the network. For them, special ballasts and starters are used that set fire to them when turned on. Most fixtures designed for fluorescent lamps have built-in glow devices, reminiscent of electronic ballasts.devices.
Despite the high cost, buyers of lamps with such lamps note their naturalness for vision. Therefore, their consumers remain true to their choice.
They have the following markings:
- WB stands for white light;
- LD - daily;
- LE - natural;
- LHB - cold;
- LTB - warm.
The letters are followed by numbers, the first of which means the degree of light transmission, and the next - the corresponding glow temperature. The higher the light transmission, the more natural the perception. Different temperatures will give different colors. So, a very warm white will turn out at 2700K, warm - at 3000K, natural - at 4000K, daylight - at 5000K.
Energy saving lamps
When these compact lamps appeared, they made a splash in the market. Their types are extremely diverse. And their advantages are obvious: now there is no need to install additional ballast and use special lamps. They are easily screwed into a regular base. At the same time, like all species, they have disadvantages. These are poor performance at low temperature, long start-up, incompatibility with light controls, high price, mercury compounds in the composition, dissimilarity with natural light.
Though such lamps are gaining popularity, but people still treat them with some caution and, using them, usually have ordinary light bulbs in stock.
LED light bulbs
This species appeared insecond half of the twentieth century. By action, they are a semiconductor, where part of the energy is released in the form of radiation, perceived by the human eye. The color is different, depending on the material of the semiconductor.
These models are better than incandescent lamps in all respects:
- lifetime;
- light output;
- strength;
- economy and so on.
LED lamps are different depending on the power, size, performance and so on.
But besides all these obvious advantages, there is one significant drawback: the price, which is 100 times higher than the cost of conventional incandescent lamps. Such a significant minus, of course, reduces the number of consumers. Nevertheless, LEDs are gaining more and more fans.
