There are special knobs to change the sound setting. By frequency, they are divided into active, as well as passive. Additionally, the division is carried out according to the type of setting. The most common is considered to be digital regulators. They are created for different types of amplifiers and have their own channel. To understand the principle of operation of these devices, you should understand their device in detail.
How does a regulator work?
An important element of the regulator is considered to be microcircuits. In terms of their parameters, they can differ quite a lot. If we consider professional models, then there are up to 100 different contacts. Additionally, the regulator has a controller that changes the limiting frequency of the device. Capacitors cope with interference in the device. In a simple model, there are up to four of them. You can usually find ceramic capacitors in the regulator. Their frequency is usually indicated on the label.
In professional models, electrolytic capacitors are installed. Their conductivity is much better, but they are expensive. Resistors in the standard circuit can be found up to ten units. They differ from each other in terms of ultimate resistance. The simplest models can boast a parameter of 2 ohms. Resistors with such indicators are quite common. Finally, the closing mechanism should be called the last element of the regulator. Most often it is presented in the form of a button, but there are models with a complex display system.
Applying the electronic model
Electronic volume control is installed on almost all sound devices. In this case, vibrations can be changed in various ways. Most often you can find smooth controllers that allow you to very finely insist on the sound, but there are also jump systems. In this case, the change in parameters is carried out step by step and abruptly. Recording studios have multi-channel mixers. They allow you to control many effects. If we consider the combined electronic volume control, then a lot in this case depends on the speaker system.
Self assembly of the regulator
In order to assemble a do-it-yourself volume control for a medium power amplifier, you will need a chip with at least 8 bits. Transistors for her are best used bipolar. Usually they are presented in the store with the marking "2НН". Their resistance indicator fluctuates on average around 3 ohms. Controllers are mostly linear. They allow you to quite smoothly change the limiting frequency. In this case, the amplitude of interference will depend solely oncapacitors.
For an ordinary regulator, it will be enough to install three of them. LEDs can only be used in pair with rectifiers. In some cases, in order to make a volume control with your own hands, it is additionally advised to use a zener diode at the beginning of the circuit. This element significantly increases the performance of resistors and the regulator as a whole.
How are headphone controls?
The headphone volume control has only two capacitors. A distinctive feature of such devices can be called a weak bandwidth. The signal in many models goes for a long time. This is due to the fact that transistors are not designed for high power. In some models of regulators, resonators are installed. They are of different types and have their own parameters. The most common are quartz resonators. Their resistance parameter reaches 4 ohms. In turn, ferrite counterparts can only withstand 2 ohms. Connects the headphone volume control to the speaker using a choke.
Tone control circuit
Timbre and volume controls have an operational controller. It is suitable for amplifiers of different power. Diodes in this case are installed quite rarely. Rectifiers are available only in models where there are less than three transistors. Resistors in devices are included with the marking "BC". Their throughput is quite good, but they are sensitive to high temperatures. Capacitors in many models are bipolar. limitingthe resistance of the tone and volume controls are able to withstand at the level of 3 ohms. In the standard model, the socket has a "PPA" for a regular ring. The inductor with the resistor is connected only through the converter.
How to configure the controller in Windows?
It is quite easy to set up the regulator. The icon for this item is located on the Start panel. By clicking on it once with the left key, you can change the limit frequency. In some cases, the user does not see the specified icon. This is due to the fact that the Windows volume control is not added to the notification area. It is usually transferred automatically by the operating system. However, this action can also be performed manually through the control panel. Also, the reason may be the absence of the Sndvol.exe file. In this case, a copy of it must be saved on the computer.
Stereo Parameters
Their noise figure is around 70 dB. The harmonic distortion parameter is typically 0.001%. The operating frequency range ranges from 0 to 10000 Hz. The input voltage of the device is 0.5 V. In many models, controllers are installed reversible. The output voltage in this case should be no more than 0.5 V. The stereo volume regulator usually has a pulse stabilizer. The device is powered through a block with a voltage of up to 15 V.
Mic models with controls
A microphone with a volume control is a common device today, andthe microcircuit in it usually has the "MK22" series. The bandwidth of the models is quite high, the signal passes well. There are two diodes in the standard circuit. One of them, as a rule, is located near the locking mechanism. Capacitors are installed with different parameters. This is necessary in order to control frequencies of varying magnitude.
The resistance they have on average is maintained up to 4 ohms. Capacitors in the regulator should be only electrolytic. In this case, this will give a large increase in the sensitivity of the device. There are up to eight resistors in the standard circuit. They have an average resistance of 3 ohms. The volume control has a direct locking mechanism in the form of a controller.
Scheme of push button regulator
A push-button volume control (the diagram is shown below) differs from other devices in that its diodes are arranged in pairs. As a result, the microcircuit transmits a signal to the resistor quite quickly. Rectifiers are not available in many models, and this should be taken into account. There are up to three capacitors in the standard circuit. Their maximum resistance is maintained at the level of 2 ohms. The noise figure for such models on average fluctuates around 50 dB.
The non-linear distortion index, in turn, is 0.002%. Of the shortcomings, certain problems with unevenness should be noted. This is due to the small range of operating frequencies. In some cases, it makes sense to install an amplifier with a voltage of more than 15Q. In this case, the sound parameters will increase.
Passive Regulators
The passive volume control differs from other devices in that it is made multi-channel. Their resistance is on average maintained at the level of 3 ohms. Locking mechanisms are standard. In turn, the controllers in them are exclusively digital. This makes it possible to synchronize the stereo sound in the device more accurately. Thus, the unevenness problem disappears by itself.
Resistors in many models are trimmer type. A distinctive feature of professional models is the presence of a resonator. The output voltage of this element can reach up to 8 V. Most often, they are installed in regulators of the quartz type. There are two capacitors in the standard circuit. The chip in the system is designed for 8 bits.
Using Active Models
Active volume control, as a rule, is used for receivers whose power does not exceed 5 V. It has resistors with a resistance of about 4 ohms. Resonators are installed quartz. A distinctive feature of these regulators can be called signal relays. Chokes, as a rule, are not used in devices. Amplifiers are specified only operational type. Therefore, there is no need for rectifiers. Display systems in devices can be found in a variety of ways. This volume control is not suitable for mobile devices.
Combination regulator circuit
Combined volume control (diagram shown below) capacitorshas no more than five pieces. Transistors in this case can only be used bipolar type. Their throughput is quite high. The resistance is on average maintained at 3 ohms. Linear transistors are provided in the system. Stabilizers are specified only in professional models. Their limiting frequency does not exceed 4000 Hz.
How does a thin-compensated regulator work?
Regulators of this type are mainly used in radio tape recorders. Their device system is quite simple. The microcircuit in the device is installed in the "KR2" series. The controller itself is of a linear type. Only one transistor is used. It is located next to the microcircuit.
There are two capacitors in total. The most common is the electrolytic type. They are able to withstand the rated power at the level of 16 V. However, the output signal is perceived by the device rather poorly. There are no more than five resistors in the regulator. All of them are set with a limiting frequency of about 3000 Hz.
Professional models
Professional sound volume controls of the chip have multi-channel. Given this, they require a tuning resistor for normal operation. It is usually located next to the capacitor. The system is designed for a load of 8 bits. The locking mechanism in the device is installed as usual. The noise figure of the device reaches a maximum of 55 dB. The non-linear distortion indicator in some cases can exceed 0.001%.
The operating frequency fluctuates on average around 2000 Hz. With uniformity, such schemes rarely experience problems. The output voltage of the device is 0.5 V. Resistor decoupling resistance can withstand a maximum of 3 ohms. Converters are provided in the system, and they are attached to the board only through a choke. There are about three capacitors in the standard model. They are quite enough to cope with various signals. A ferrite ring must be located near the device socket.
Electronic tone controls
All electronic regulators are compact in size, and the ultimate voltage can withstand a lot. In this case, they are not able to work without an amplifier. Stabilizers, as a rule, are used only linear. Diode circuits are located immediately behind the board.
Distortion by the device is suppressed by resistors. Stabilizers help the regulator to cope with the limiting frequency. Rectifiers are rarely installed. The power consumption of such devices is high, and they do not need converters. You can see these devices on mixers quite often.
